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Articulation & phonological disorders
Children who struggle to produce age-appropriate speech sounds may be presenting with an articulation disorder. If a child produces sound errors following a predictable pattern of speech sound errors, this is referred to as a phonological process disorder. A frequent speech sound error is producing /w/ for /r/ (wabbit for rabbit). /R/ is typically mastered by age 5.
Receptive Language Disorders
This disorder encompasses struggles to understand oral or written communication. This may present as difficulties following directions, answering questions, and identifying objects.
Fluency Disorders
This is also known as stuttering. Fluency disorders can present in many ways including word, sound, or syllable repetitions, sound prolongations, and/or blocks. Disfluencies are sometimes accompanied by secondary behaviors including tension in the neck, eye blinks, mouth groping, etc.
Expressive Language Disorders
Expressive language encompasses all verbal and written expression. A child presenting with an expressive language disorder may not produce age-appropriate phrases or sentences, for example not producing two word phrases by 24 months, may have trouble telling a story, or struggle with word finding.
Augmentative and Alternative Communication
AAC includes all forms of communication other than oral speech. This includes AAC devices and programs, such as Proloquo2Go, TouchChat, LAMP Words for Life, etc.
Pragmatic Language-Social Communication disorders
Pragmatic Language refers to difficulties understanding and using both verbal and nonverbal communication in social contexts. A child presenting with these difficulties may struggle with using greetings or gestures appropriately, demonstrating appropriate conversation skills, understanding inferences, etc.